The Medieval Art Gallery in Warsaw is hosting a rare exhibition of the Gutenberg Bible, a landmark in printing history. Printed over 570 years ago by Johannes Gutenberg, the Bible is considered one of the most influential books ever produced. This edition is one of the few surviving copies worldwide and the only one preserved in Poland, making it a national treasure.
A Rare Glimpse into History
The showcased Gutenberg Bible originates from the Diocesan Museum in Pelplin and holds immense historical significance. It was first donated by Nicolaus Crapitz, Bishop of Warmia, in 1502 to the Franciscan Reformed Convent in Lubawa. The book remained there until the 19th century, when it was transferred to the Seminary Library in Pelplin. Today, it is displayed in Warsaw, offering visitors an opportunity to see one of the earliest examples of Gutenberg’s revolutionary printing technique.
Remarkably, the Bible remains largely intact, with nearly all its original pages and 15th-century binding preserved. Scholars continue to make discoveries through its study. A minor printing defect on one page has provided valuable insights into Gutenberg’s movable type process.
“This idea [movable type] changed history by making book production faster and more efficient. It helped spread knowledge across Europe,” says exhibition curator Marcin Bogusz.
A Wartime Journey of Survival
The Gutenberg Bible has endured a tumultuous history. As World War II approached in 1939, Polish authorities took precautions to safeguard national cultural treasures. The Bible was transported through Warsaw, Paris, and Great Britain before reaching Canada, where it was stored securely in a bank alongside other priceless artifacts, including the Gallus Anonymus chronicle manuscript and royal regalia.
“The evacuation ensured the preservation of this invaluable artifact during one of the most destructive conflicts in history,” says Bogusz.
After two decades abroad, the Bible was returned to Poland in 1959. It was initially displayed at the National Museum in Warsaw before being transferred back to Pelplin, where it remains a key part of Poland’s cultural heritage.
Preserving a Historic Masterpiece
Due to its fragility, rigorous conservation measures are in place to protect the Gutenberg Bible. It is stored in a climate-controlled, bulletproof display case that maintains a temperature between 20-23°C and humidity levels of 45-55% to prevent paper degradation.
“These conditions help slow down the natural aging process and ensure the Bible remains intact for future generations,” Bogusz explains.
Additionally, exposure to artificial light and UV radiation is strictly controlled. To minimize damage, the Bible is only displayed to the public for 60 days per year. The manuscript’s handwritten elements, particularly delicate, receive extra care to maintain their historical integrity.
The Lasting Influence of Gutenberg’s Printing Press
The exhibition offers more than just a chance to view the Gutenberg Bible. A thematic walking tour takes visitors through medieval book culture, showcasing the significance of books in shaping reading, writing, and artistic expression.
Art lovers can also explore how the invention of the printing press influenced visual arts. Renaissance artists frequently referenced printed materials, including copperplate engravings and woodcuts, in their works.
“Artists like Martin Schongauer and Albrecht Dürer created original masterpieces but also adapted printed images into their compositions. This demonstrates the far-reaching impact of Gutenberg’s invention,” Bogusz notes.